Caio Verde, Angola's new sustainable city takes shape in Cabinda
Establishing a new mixed-income city in a landscape rich with indigenous coastal forest did, however, pose unique challenges for planners - from providing housing solutions across the income spectrum to the battle for the butterfly. The project earned its design firm New Urban Integrated Design a CNU (Congress for the New Urbanism) Charter Award in the category Region: Metropolis, City and Town in 2006, applauding the development as “a significant element of Angola’s post-civil war rebuilding efforts”.
Gary White, sustainable urban development expert, a director at New Urban, and one of the project leads, shared some insights from the ongoing project.
What is the biggest challenge?
White: Environmental factors. We had to design a new city away from the existing city. The city was economically controlled by oil companies, so we had to maintain the balance between those relationships - development and the weighty responsibility of preserving nature.
Some forest areas within the site housing an indigenous species of butterfly were protected. So to address this challenge, we created a buffer zone around these areas and used them as a spill-over green space. This gave an opportunity for the butterflies to freely move up and down their natural habitat whilst still allowing humans room to transverse these areas. Only after this was done did we used the rest of the area for urban development, therefore preserving the butterflies.
In this instance, conservation areas are used as ecological corridors for butterflies. These corridors not only connect different neighbourhoods, but they also maintain linkage to forests outside the city.
Which learnings form this project can be applied to other African cities and why?
1. Different "rules" apply: In the South African housing industry, there are certain norms we follow. In other places in Africa, it is completely different. For instance, in South Africa, when we design a city, town or house, we know what the average people per household is.
In Angola, we found, it is different. Amongst poorer households there are on average 13 people per household. In more wealthy communities, there are about 11 people per household. In South Africa, the average is between four and seven. It is important to know the circumstances and cutural norms in a specific area, as you will have to develop and plan accordingly.
2. Bridging the living standards gap: In Angola, there is a big gap between workers and management. Call it a “class difference”, if you will. Accommodating both groups within one city was quite difficult because both groups have a different “wish list” and specifics in terms of schools, movement, stand size, safety and housing requirements.
What are the top factors to keep in mind when developing an African city or town?
1. The natural environment: There are certain ways of designing within a warm and humid climate as opposed to a dry and warm, or a wet or moderate climate.
2. Local circumstances: This dictates a lot of processes.
3. The local population: All over the world, nations have different ways of using private space and public space; how they live, and what the cultural customs are. You need to take all these factors into consideration.
4. Protecting the natural landscape: This is what makes the development sustainable. How do you use areas which you don’t protect? In other words, what’s your land use?
5. Designing buildings as compactly as possible: Compactness gives you the opportunity to design an accessible public transport system that allows for higher density.
6. Adaptibility: What one needs to remember in situations like this is that the planning process and the development of the city is very dynamic. What happens is you will plan for something and hope that it will happen exactly like that, but then the scenario changes completely. For instance, there was an area where we wanted a school, but other stakeholders felt it would be more suited to a hotel. You have to be able to adapt your urban framework accordingly.
From a practical point-of-view, how did you preserve the natural aspects of the area?
The forest area was preserved by allowing for a buffer zone around the forest area, which is an area that was landscaped.
For this project, how did you approach infrastructural development?
Infrastructure can be divided into two – services and roads. Services refer to “wet services” like water reticulation, sewerage and communication reticulation such as Wi-Fi lines.
The road infrastructure is seriously important because this forms the backbone of urban development. If your roads are designed incorrectly, it has far-reaching implications. Buildings change, but, as is evident from history, people tend to never alter the roads.
For example, with the Second World War, whole towns where bombed and blown away. When the towns were rebuilt, the exact same road infrastructure was used.
For this reason, if your roads are poorly designed, your “bones” are wrong, which means everything around it will be wrong.
Which community factors did you have to take into account here?
Level-of-income: On the one hand, we had to provide for a high-income group. Within this group we had to provide for: high-density, high income; low-density, high income and medium- density, high income. On the other hand, we had to provide for low income groups: low, medium and high-density, low income groups.
Which circumstances in Angola lend themselves to the development of a sustainable city?
Each country and region in Africa has different challenges and assets in terms of natural landscape to enhance or protect.
Sprawl in Africa is quite prevalent, so cities, towns and developments aren’t contained and not compact enough. Cabinda was a good example of this.
The existence of an indigenous species of butterfly was also another good example where we had to develop a green, landscaped buffer in order to preserve the species.
Another good example in Angola was a development we did in another town called Soyo, a city located in the province of Zaire in Angola. Here, we used the trees to structure the whole public spatial system. Wherever we get involved, we see which natural aspects we can latch onto. Sometimes it is natural, but sometimes it is also man-made. You would, for instance, start a project differently if it is within a very high-heritage area. For example if there are green fields, you would treat it differently to if there are brown fields.
Which phase is the project currently in?
This is a very long term project. It has already been planned, so the project is currently in its development phase.
