"That's why it is becoming increasingly important for smaller companies to put a whistle blowing system in place. In South Africa, everyone needs to be brought into the crime fighting fold," says Dale Horne, who heads up Whistle Blowers, South Africa's leading independently owned corruption reporting service provider.
With 15 years' experience, the company has noted important trends and alarm signals over the years. It offers subscribing clients internationally a 24/7 call centre which is manned by trained multi-lingual staff. Subscribing client employees can report irregular activities such as theft, fraud, bribery or any irregularities within an organisation, secure in the knowledge that their identities are protected.
It is not affiliated with a large auditing firm to ensure that there is no conflict of interest. As such, the company has become the preferred service provider of hotlines to like-minded auditing companies, both large and small.
He says many of the issues identified by his company over the years are echoed in various credible international researches, such as the 2014 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse carried out by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE).
This was based on 34 615 cases spread across America, Europe, Asia, Canada, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa (including South Africa) from October 2013 to December 2013. Most noteworthy is the striking similarity of findings across all the different countries.
"Small businesses (defined as those with fewer than 100 employees) were victimised in the greatest%age of cases reported to us. In addition, the median losses for small businesses and the largest entities (those with more than 10,000 employees) were the highest at $154,000 and $160,000 respectively. While the absolute median loss for the largest entities is slightly higher than that for small businesses, it is important to note that the overall impact of a $154,000 loss for many small businesses is much greater than the relative impact of a $160,000 loss at an organisation with more than 10,000 employees," the ACFE report notes.
The pivotal issue is that the survey found that small organisations were much less likely to have hotlines or internal audit departments than their bigger brothers.
In South Africa, listed companies now have to have a whistle blowing system in place by law but SMMEs do not.
Nevertheless, Horne stresses, the same statistics apply to employees of both big and small businesses - 25% of people are dishonest, 25% would never do anything improper and the remaining 50% could go either way, depending on the culture of the organisation. His company focuses on training and education of staff to swing the percentage from dishonest to honest.
He believes that one of the key reasons that smaller companies do not take measures to detect dishonesty is the same reason why they are particularly susceptible to it - decision-making is confined to a few key managers.
Another closely aligned problem is that these key employees multi-task and are often pushed for time, pushing preventing fraud further down the priority list. He adds that small business owners have a misperception that this type of facility is expensive.
He points out that the general view by the founder of a small business and, in particular, a family business runs along the lines of, "I'm the boss. Everybody respects me and if something is wrong, they will tell me." But he warns that this false sense of security often has its roots in a feeling that employees owe a business owner because he pays their salaries when, in fact, that is probably the very reason why they would avoid telling him that something was amiss.
Then there is the risk of being identified as the one who snitches to the boss within a small, closely-knit organisation, which emphasises the importance of protecting the identity of a whistle blower.
"Our success over the past 15 years stems from our ability to protect the identity of whistle blowers and, at the same time, having the skill to obtain enough information to get to the bottom of irregularities. There are clear guidelines on reports and who will handle these."
Despite his concern that too few small businesses are fighting fraud within their own organisations, he admits that over the past two years, the company has seen overall growth of around 50% in South Africa and 98% in Africa, as well as international growth.
It is also evident that smaller companies are now following example of their larger compatriots - 60% of those that subscribe to Whistle Blowers are fully committed to preventing and detecting problems and 20% of these are SMMEs.
Interestingly, he believes that the reason why many smaller companies have signed up is due to pressure from larger corporates to which they are service providers. "There is growing pressure on small business to fall into line when it comes to both ethics and corruption fighting mechanisms. These bigger clients require them to have a whistle blowing mechanism in place."
Many large corporations see whistle blowing as a means of protecting their companies' good name and valued brands. Contractors should also be brought into the crime-fighting fold, as they spend a large amount of time on site. They could even be responsible for theft, fraud or injuries on site, and the client's business suffers from the unfortunate incident.
"Theft, fraud and corruption affect everyone along the entire value chain. Contractors will lose a contract if their customer goes bang and possibly even their own business as a result. By facilitating the reporting of fraud within your own organisation or within your customer's, you are looking after your own interests."
However, why an anonymous whistle blowing line in particular? He returns to the ACFE findings. "Tips are consistently and by far the most common detection method. A tip detected over 40% of all cases, more than twice the rate of any other detection method. Employees accounted for nearly half of all tips that led to the discovery of fraud."
The report goes on to note that the presence of anti-fraud controls ensure that fraud is detected quicker and hence costs the unfortunate company far less.
Horne debunks the myth that a whistle blowing service is financially out of reach of small companies with tight budgets. "Cost-effective solutions can be designed for companies with less than 50 employees. It is an inexpensive service that provides much needed eyes and ears in an organisation. This service is actually cheaper than a security guard," he concludes.
